Tune Into The Cloud

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IT’s Finally Chefsache

Remember the days of “IT Doesn’t Matter”? Nicolas Carr’s infamous Harvard Business Review article from 2003 captured the frustrating reality for many CIOs: business leaders just weren’t interested. Back then, the prevailing thought was to outsource IT like the company cars and the canteen. But a seismic shift is happening – finally, business leaders are taking their seats at the IT table.

Thank you GenAI

The culprit behind this change? It’s not a sudden surge of tech enthusiasm among CEOs. No, it’s the emergence of generative AI (genAI) and its potential transformative potential. Suddenly, it isn’t about a boring bunch of technology anymore. Business leaders understand they must envision the possibilities – from chatbots that personalize customer experiences to AI-powered algorithms that design new molecules and optimize supply chains. And as the technology is beyond comprehension for most mere mortals (inside and outside IT), the discussion now finally focuses on (business) outcomes.

From a Technology to an Industry Discussion

The fastest way to turn a technology discussion into a business conversation is by focusing on the critical challenges the companies‘ industry is facing. Instead of technical topics – such as LLM’s, containers, serverless and other ‘native’ approaches – dominating the conversation, CEOs and CIOs are now discussing the challenges and opportunities unique to their market and the role that the composable capabilities of industry cloud platforms can play in addressing these.

A New Way of Business-IT Alignment

This outcome-driven approach marks a turning point. The elusive “business-IT alignment” so desperately pursued by CIOs of the past is finally within reach. Business leaders are no longer content with simply approving IT budgets. They’re actively engaged. sometimes even taking over, embarking on decade long strategic partnerships with tech providers without much involvement of their IT colleagues. It’s a pendulum swing and pendulums tend not to stop at the center.

The Beginning of a new Era

The impact of this change on the IT and cloud market should not be underestimated. Shifts like this offer opportunities for new market leaders to emerge, new platforms and approaches to become pivotal and new ecosystems to arise.

So, more to follow, to track and to analyze, right here.

Disclaimer: All comments and opinions are my own and do not represent the views of Gartner Inc. or its management.

Tune into the Cloud – The Blogcast – Changes

The Podcast

Tune into: Composable Cloud

Transcript: 2021 is just underway, but the word composable is already engaging in valiant efforts to become the it word (or IT word) of the year. Composable infrastructure, composable architecture, composable business, composable enterprise and yes, of course also Composable Cloud. If only because of the nice alliteration. The question is however how Composable Cloud will be defined or what true changes it will bring. For now let’s think of composability as: being able to create something new and unique, when and where needed, from standard components.

With any new IT term becoming popular (or hyped) we first see a fair amount of name washing. Where the market takes an existing offering or concept and applies the new moniker to make it look fresh. Take on-premises systems. These have been around for decades and yes they lived on the edge of the public internet, but remember who was there first. So now it is tempting to rebrand these as edge servers and hop on the edge express to commercial success. Same for composable. The ondemand and self service nature of software defined infrastructure makes infrastructure somewhat composable. So of goes a new brochure to the printer (or nowadays to the website) rebranding the existing offering as composable. But does it realy make a changes, does it add something new? At the technology level, composability was a holy grail for decades but nowadays it has become a fact of life (been there, done that).

We gotta make “changes”, even if they change us

Composable Cloud should therefore be used to describe a form of cloud we currently do not have yet. The cloud started its life as three distinct service models, namely IaaS, PaaS and SaaS. Three distinctly different offerings, addressing three distinctly different needs of three distinctly different audiences.

SaaS offers standard, predefined, out of the box functionality for the type of commodity processes (systems of record) that any enterprise has hundreds off. It is often brought in by end-user departments. Initialy procured rogue, on their corporate credit card, but nowadays increasingly through approved corporate procurement processes.
PaaS on the other hand offers a convenient platform to create and build new, differentiating and unique business processes (it eliminates most of the “undifferentiated heavy lifting” on the technology side, but not on the business functionality side). PaaS adoption is driven jointly by the professional and citizen developers working in line of business departments. PaaS is where digital transformation happens.
And third IaaS. A place to potentially move the remaining workloads to. Workloads that have not been replaced by out of the box SaaS or reimagined as a fully digital business process on PaaS. Migration is the name of the game here and the business may not even notice what is going on (same applications, some functionality, simply running somewhere else). Benefits and adoption are more by IT for IT.

With a cloud made up of IaaS, PaaS and SaaS, creating a cloud strategy often means figuring out what goes where:

What is a commodity or system of record (replace with SaaS),
What is new and unique (reimagined on PaaS)
and finaly (last by design) what will be left and could be rehosted/refactored onto the cloud or simply retained where it was.

But enterprises did not ask for this “either/or” type of choice. They much rather would eat their cake and have it too. Be able to create new processes using of the shelf business functions that can work in concert with their existing applications. While still delivering cloud native benefits, such as elasticity, scalability, shared use, pay as you go, and easy access. So the “changes” of Composable Cloud will include – in the long run – blurring or merging these three so far largely distinct cloud markets .

Gotta take on the rain before the clouds will be gone
There’s no blue sky without a storm

To be able to deliver this, a new ecosystem approach is needed. Where vendors formerly know as IaaS, PaaS or SaaS provider will collaborate closely. Initially maybe in some form of walled gardens, created around a powerful market party, conducting the effort. But over time hopefully more open by leveraging standards and guided by government and industry initiatives.

Changes is the title track from an album of the same name by Dutch artist Ilse de Lange. Changes was launched during 2020 (between wave 1 and 2 of the 2020 pandemic) as part of a campaign to (virtually) penetrate the German market following her successful involvement with the Eurovision song contest.

To play the song from this blogcast post, please click the link below.

Disclaimer: These thoughts and views are my own and do not represent those of my employer (per linked policy)

Image:
License: Creative Commons 3 – CC BY-SA 3.0
Attribution: Alpha Stock Images – http://alphastockimages.com/
Original Author: Nick Youngson – http://www.nyphotographic.com/

Tune into the Cloud – The Blogcast – The Business (in 2021)

Tune into: Cloud Distribution

Transcript: 2021 is just underway and Tiesto is once again topping the charts here. This time with a track called “the Business”. So a good time to look at what the business in cloud in 2021 will be about. For example, how will leading cloud providers be able to maintain their unprecedented growth rates during 2021?
*As always our disclaimer: “These thoughts and views are my own and do not represent those of my employer”

W hen looking at this years product and technology announcements at the annual customer events of the leading cloud providers, it is a bit of deja vu, it feels like more of the same. More and faster instance types, more deployment locations, be it new regions and new (local of global) zones, more refinement of existing products in areas like serverless, AI and machine learning and of course another bunch of Kubernetes distro’s. But technical refinement typically does not lead to exponential growth.

My feeling is that the more disruptive cloud news this year could be found in the partner track of one of the cloud leaders. Although that news was presented as a list of new features and refinements to that providers cloud marketplace offering, the underlying story seemed to be much more about the cloud provider taking a page from the playbook of its parent retail company. Namely, that exponential growth can be more easily achieved by accommodating third party sellers. A principle that was also, be it briefly, mentioned in the close to three hour CEO keynote of that provider under the heading: “Acknowledge that you can’t fight gravity”.

Extrapolating the above approach, indicates that the growth strategy of this provider wont be simply working itself further up the cloud stack from IaaS via PaaS to SaaS. This providers journey started with first creating and largely capturing the IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) market, to then – in step two – add an increasing number of PaaS capabilities. Thus annexing or consolidating the smaller but already existing PaaS market into a market now referred to as CIPS ( Cloud Infrastructure and Platform Services). If simply moving up the cloud stack , the third expected logical step would then be to proceed towards adding self build or acquired SaaS solutions. After-all, SaaS still is and always has been the largest segment of cloud market from a revenue perspective, which makes it a hard to resists and tempting opportunity. But also a extremely fragmented opportunity with many thousands of niche and vertical solutions and only a few big tasty chunks in the form of HR, CRM, ERP and Collaboration offerings.

When instead of simply moving up the stack, the provider embraces the platform model popularised by its parent, there is no need to outright own these SaaS solutions. Getting a share of the sales, the distribution, the production (in the form of infrastructure hosting and application development), and the implementation (by makin g it possible to also offer, resell and negotiate professional services through the same marketplace), the providers role in the SaaS economy can become a lot bigger, then when trying to do and own it all alone.

For many of today’s SaaS vendors it may feel a bit uncomfortable to have one (or more) of the current hyperscale IaaS/PaaS gorilla’s, take such a central and essential role in their business and distribution model. Even more uncomfortable than their traditional worries about a hyperscaler launching a competing SaaS offering into their niche. The larger SaaS providers may decide (or in one case may have just decided and announced) to pursue a “Multicloud SaaS” strategy, making their offering – eventually – available on multiple hyperscale clouds. But for the smaller SaaS vendors this likely will be too costly to consider.

In a later cast I will have a look at how such as SaaS platform play also comes in extremely handy (or may be even required) once the market moves to a composable future. Where customers will expect to mix and match functional components from a multitude of what we now still consider independent software or Saas vendors.

In short enough exiting twists and turns to contemplate and research during 2021, even if the underlying technology developments may seem to become more and more of the same.

The Business is a 2020 song by the well known Dutch DJ, Tiesto. DJs, unlike cloud providers, started their industry by distributing other people’s products. Simply by playing records from third party artists. But the professional DJ scene quickly pivoted towards becoming full fledged music producers, that create and control most of their content themselves. With one notable exception, namely the vocals. Singing voices are still largely sourced from third parties, such as in the case of “The Business” from James Bell, an artist better known as YAMI. But the brand, the recognition (and the revenue) has shifted away from the individual performing vocalist towards the DJ or orchestrator.

To play the song, please click the below link in the show notes.

Disclaimer: These thoughts and views are my own and do not represent those of my employer (per linked policy)

Tune into the Cloud – The Blogcast – Rollercoaster

Tune into: Disruptive Change

One day, when – with the benefit of hindsight – we look back at 2020, we will likely remember it as a period of unprecedented, tumultuous and continuous change. The type of change that makes you a bit nauseous and scared at the same time. Like a rollercoaster ride, but a lot less predictable and with widely different outcomes and impacts per person, per industry and per country, even though we were essentially on the same ride.

In our industry forecast we referred to this as “the end of averages” (or at least the end of meaningful averages). Within the same country, one industry was experiencing record growth, while another would be fully locked down with no revenue left. The IT industry as a whole did relatively well, while cloud came out with flying colors. As we mentioned in our cloud predicts, try to imagine lockdowns and mandatory work from home without the benefit of collaboration platforms like Zoom ,Teams, Webex or without sharing platforms like Dropbox, Sharepoint.

Telecom providers tweaked th e dials of their networks and reaped the benefits of their fairly recent software defined and virtual networking investments. Keeping everyone connected in realtime, despite massively different traffic patterns and volumes. And as always they got little recognition or reward. Communication pipes are very much like the pipes of sewer systems, nobody gives them much thought, until they overflow of cog up. All the attention, and most of the money, went to what ran Over The Top. Some things never seem to change, not even in 2020.

Looking further ahead, let’s say towards 2025, we do expect some significant change in how the competitive landscape will look. The cloud disrupters of just a few years ago have now become – at record speed – the incumbents of the cloud market. But that market is about to change significantly with the entry of Edge computing. And all market players feel they have a historic right to play there. Cloud provider see Edge computing as a way to distribute their cloud offerings to be nearer to their customers (distributed cloud). Traditional on-premises infrastructure players feel that near premisses (Edge) is a lot closer to their on-premises offering. And telecom players are all eager to finally combine their old (metropolitan real-estate locations, once occupied by massive rotary switches) and new (5G spectrum and close nit antenna coverage) investments into a monetizable offering.

The next 5 years promise to be an interesting chess game, where who blinks first will loose and where unexpected turns and twists will cause plenty of nausea and fear. Although hopefully only off the professional and commercial kind.

Stay Safe and all the best for 2021.

Rollercoaster is a song by Dutch artist Danny Vera, who during the traditional end of year Top 2000 competition, managed to displace incumbent powerhouses that occupied the lead spot for decades, such as Queen, The Eagles and Led Zeppelin. Already considered as a timeless classic when it was introduced in 2019, the song helped numerous people to cope with the rollercoaster life we got to know during 2020.

To play the song, please click the link in the show notes.

Tune into the Cloud – The Blogcast – Thank you for the Music

Tune into: Podcasting

Tune into the Cloud – The Blogcast – Thank you for the Music

Let’s start with a disclaimer, please note that “These thoughts and views are my own and do not represent those of my employer.”
For questions regarding this please review the full social media policy webpage listed in the show notes. Now let’s get on with the show.

Welcome to the trailer of the Tune into the Cloud Blogcast.
A weekly rendition of one of the Tune in the Cloud blog posts, in a podcast.

Podcasting is hot. Red hot. Some expect podcasting to shake up the media industry as fundamentally as cloud computing shook up the IT industry. So a podcast version of Tune into the Cloud, a music inspired cloud blog, seemed a no brainer. Were it not for the fact that including specific songs in a podcast is not trivial from a legal and copyright perspective. I would go as far as to say it is still as complex as trying to build a business importing Karaoke machines and bundling these with popular local music on VHS tapes in the nineties (trust me , I tried).

But as always, complexity and difficulty for one can spell opportunity for another. And in this case Spotify stepped up to the plate by offering the possibility to use songs from their vast catalog in any podcast. Now, personally I am generally not a big fan of exclusive arrangements, but am rather a big fan of free (as you will have heard by now, I am Dutch). So I signed up with a free account to create this first Blogcast.

A blogcast is a little bit less informal than a classic podcast. It wont feel like sitting with (distant) friends around the kitchen table and listening to them chitchat away about variety of related topics. Think more of listening to a short Sunday column, read out to you as a conversation starter over the breakfast table. Over time the Tune into the Cloud Blogcast may very well turn into more free form chatter with guests and regular agenda items, and thus follow in the footsteps of some of the early pioneers of the cloud computing podcast genre such as the one and only original “The cloud computing podcast” and the still running “The CloudCast”.

But first we will turn to the current library of cloud topics and tunes, and render them as integrated audio experiences. With integrated basically meaning that each podcast will end with a song. Today’s warm up clip “Thank you for the music”

LINKS:

Notable Cloud Podcasts:

http://www.thecloudcast.net/

Honourable mention: Cloud Computing Weekly Podcast (up to 2017) By David S. LinthicumGartner.com/en/podcasts/thinkcast

Used Podcast Platform :

Anchor.FM (production)

Anchor.FM (distribution)

Audacity (recording)

Social Media Policy of my Employer
https://www.gartner.com/en/about/policies/gartner-public-web-participation-policy

Tune into the Cloud – Pressure Off

Success, in bott the music and the cloud industry, is not merely about having the best product, delivered by the most capable performers.

Even the best product (be it a service or a song) will only make it to the top of the charts if it has been put together with just enough magic to make it stand out from the crowd. In music this has been the realm of the producer. Although producers typically operate behind the scenes, many of us are familiar with icons like Quincy Jones, Phil Spector and Nile Rodgers, who – with “Pressure Off” – enabled Duran Duran to have an album in the top 100 for four consecutive decades. Some producers even have such a recognisable sound that they define a whole category of music. For those interest, here a longer list, but reader beware, not all producers ended well.

In the cloud the role most closely resembling that of a producer is the product manager (or PM for short). With limited direct reports and often no own budget their role is to make the whole sound better than the parts. Similar to their music producing peers many live their lives in relative anonymity, but some can be found in the wild, mostly on twitter, but also here and here (also see the Gartner PM framework and our upcoming growth event).

Personally I expect 2019 to be the year where the pressure is ON for more PMs to step into the limelight.

The video that accompanied Duran Duran’s “Pressure Off” went on to win the 2015 MTV EMA Video Visionary Award, no less then 12 years after the band received MTVs life time achievement award, demonstrating that the art of producing is not just important to newbies and start-up’s

source https://blogs.gartner.com/gregor-petri/2018/12/31/tune-into-the-cloud-pressure-off/

Tune into the Cloud – Ho Ho Ho

And we are back (in this blog that is). December is the time to look back and forth, and after posting the last original Tune in 2016 and a greatest hits eBook in 2017 there now seems to be again enough news and change to once again pick up the pace and follow the rhythm. However, not in the page long blog post that were “so 2016”, but rather in short samples, remixes and reality checks.

So what are these changes I plan to tune in to during 2019? First a number of long ignored (or accepted) concerns regarding lock in and concentration risks. As the cloud proliferates the idea of clouds becoming “too big too fail” (in the sense that they may bring down the entire system in their fall) is becoming more top of mind with different constituencies and decision makers. Other tunes will pipe into bundling and unbundling as a market(ing) force for enterprise scenario’s, and the role of the cloud as conduit for a next wave of disruptive developments (such as the impact of video on music clouds).

Meanwhile feel free to enjoy this festive season video playlist

source https://blogs.gartner.com/gregor-petri/2018/12/23/tune-into-the-cloud-ho-ho-ho/

Tune into the Cloud – eBook

In 2014 I started publishing a music themed series of “Tune into the Cloud” columns about cloud computing, first in Dutch at Cloudworks.nu and soon after in English on the Gartner Blog Network.

Tune into the Cloud – eBook now on iTunes

With the recent keynote of cloud pioneer AWS annual Reinvent event also being music themed it seemed a good idea to make this playlist of all columns available for easy reading, either directly from the links below or even more conveniently as below eBook for phones and e-readers.

The eBook

EPUB format English
29 Columns
for iPhone/iPad
and ebook readers

EPUB Format Dutch
29+11=40 Columns

MOBI format English
29 Columns
for Kindle

MOBI format Dutch
29+11=40 Columns

The Tunes (in chronological order)

	And then there were three…	Tune into: Software Defined Networking
	Alors on Dance	Tune into: Creative Processes
	Blow	Tune into: Putting Customers First
	Locked out of Heaven	Tune into: Containers
	The Billionaire Boys Club	Tune into: Go to market success
	Dock of the Bay	Tune into: Containers
	God is a DJ	Tune into: Cloud Services Brokering
	Hello World	Tune into: Coding
	Atlantic Crossing	Tune into: Building specific solutions, not generic technology
	Cloud.forSale	Tune into: market consolidation
	Price Tag	Tune into: cloud margins.
	Thinking out (c)loud	Tune into: Cloud Migration?
	Something Got Me Started	Tune into: the need for speed
	Losing My Religion	Tune into: a cloud mindset
	Ghost Town	Tune into: Hybrid
	Simple Plan	Tune into: Cloud Tactics
	Harbor Lights	Tune into: International data transfers
	Imagine	Tune into: 2016
	The Circle	Tune into: Social Privacy
	e Times They Are A-Changin’	Tune into: the future
	Space Oddity	Tune into: Economic Fall Out
	Total Madness	Tune into: Total Security
	We’ll meet again	Tune into: Brexit
	Chain Gang	Tune into: Decentralisation
	At the Hop	Tune into: Hype Hoppinping
	Money for Nothing	Tune into: The Dark Side of Digitalping
	Cheap Thrills	Tune into: a Faceless Cloudping
	Das Model	Tune into: Direct Container Costingping
	Closer	Tune into: Ecosystem Platformsping

Subscribe also to the “official” Tune into the Cloud Playlist at Spotify
(some of the additional tunes stem from the Dutch precursor column):

And for the originals in Dutch visit Cloudworks.nl or download the ebook (in Dutch) here.

Tune into the Cloud: Closer

Tune into: Ecosystem Platforms

During 2016 cloud computing celebrated its tenth anniversary. Therefore, on the threshold of 2017, we’ll briefly look at what the next decade may bring. Also this brings to a close the version of Tune into the Cloud that published monthly in the Dutch print publication Cloudworks, the magazine where we started this series.

On your tent birthday, as fresh teenager, you’re normally not yet an adolescent – a.k.a, a beginning adult – and you may not be seated at the adult table yet. But there are exceptions. Sometimes things just move faster. Just look at a Max Verstappen, our Dutch Formula 1 phenomenon who – by literally going faster – now starts standard from the front of the grid. And also the cloud has maneuvered itself in pole position for the 2017 race, with more and more “fans” who go for a ‘cloud first’, an ‘all-in cloud or even a “cloud-only” strategy.

But the next decade will not just deal with the phenomenon of cloud computing. In addition to “shared, scalable, elastic, self-service and connected” IT systems there are namely four other areas that must be addressed effectively to provide a viable platform for economic and social activities of the next decade.

The first area is also the most significant, and that is the ecosystem area. In the past, companies bought solutions to optimize or automate their internal processes (eg. applications for billing, production and purchasing, sometimes even integrated into an ERP system). These applications they then used to better take part in the various supply chains they competed in. But if several companies in a chain each only optimize their own process and nobody optimizes across the chain then the officially name for that is sub optimization. And suboptimal is no longer sufficient to be competitive. Hence the increasing need for ecosystem orchestration platforms that transcends the individual players. The tricky part is that the company that takes the role of playing the orchestrator, immediately gathers vast knowledge (and thus power) over the rest of the chain. And with the growing importance of scale, there will be a very limited number of ecosystems. Meaning that for both consumers and producers there often will be little choice of ecosystems to participate in (often there may only be one per area). Just think of the public concerns about the power of early platform players such as taxi service Uber, hospitality player Airbnb and retailer Amazon.

The second area is closely related to the first and is all about interacting with customers and the associated customer experiences. As ecosystems grow stronger, it will be more difficult for individual companies (and governments) to interact with customers through their own websites, call centers or even sales teams. Many consumers and companies in China have grown accustomed to the wall garden of an app such as WeChat , that incorporates functionality similar to Facebook, WhatsApp, Uber, PayPal, Marketplace and dozens of others, under one integrated user interface. Accessing a new market while bypassing WeChat is risky at best. But that means WeChat increasingly determines how your products are offered, how you get paid and in many cases which (potential) customers get to see your offers. How to deal with the expanding power of such ecosystems enablers will be one of the trickiest issues of the coming decade. A discussion we already see some signs of in the current debate about the social impact of fake news and the possible responsibilities of players such as Facebook in this context.

The third aspect is the Internet of things or rather the needed connections to the numerous devices making up this next generation of the Internet. With billions of devices joining it will be increasingly more difficult – and dangerous – to throw on the Internet and then “just see who is coming along and what happens.” While that somewhat hap hazard approach was a big part of the original charm (and strength) of the original Internet phenomena. More and more we will use private or non-public network paths – albeit via software defined – to make contact with a pre-set collection of trusted parties. And guess who is going to decide who exactly is trusted and allowed to participate? Exactly! The same ecosystem enablers that provide the platforms that everybody uses. Providers who incidentally will increasingly carry out their duties and leverage their vast knowledge and data by exploiting the new capabilities of artificial intelligence and machine learning, which make up the fourth additional area critical for the next ten years cloud.

The next decade cloud which will therefore be much more closed than the first ten years. A maybe unexpected change to the cloud, that none the less seems to seamlessly fits with the rapidly changing – economic and social – sentiments about free trade.

With Closer we closed off the four-year series of Dutch Tune into the Cloud columns. The song Closer by The Chain Smokers was – with 12 weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 – one of the most popular summer hits of 2016. It accelerated the duo behind the Chainsmokers to new heights of popularity, very much like we expect form the cloud.

The picture shows an ecosytem platform (in this case the Great Barrier Reef) under distress

Tune into the Cloud: Das Model

Tune into: Direct Container Costing

It is the day that you knew was coming, namely the day IT costs finally transitions from indirect overhead cost to direct attributable costs. This of course was to be expected with digital business becoming the norm(al). But the actual transition may still take a little longer than we might expect. The final transition needs what many would call a perfect storm, with all the ingredients lining up at the right time. A number of these ingredients is already present:

For one, we have seen – especially when the sold products themselves and the distribution thereof are becoming more digital – the share of IT cost in the total product cost increase, resulting in a greater need to account for these cost directly in the cost of each product. As a logical result of this we see the responsibility for these costs moving into the line of business departments. In addition we see the costs of the Internet of Things and smart machines shift to the line organization while we signaled years ago that in many industries the chief marketing officer may well have more to spend on IT than the CIO.

On a technical level we can – largely thanks to the introduction of containers – identify individual micro services costs and attribute them to the individual products or services that directly benefit from using these. Very much like we allocate the cost of wheels, saddles and gears in a bicycle factory to each produced cycle and not as a kind of convoluted overhead tax on the cost of the frames. What helps here is that we can start software containers per use and stop again. And that’s just the key difference between direct costs (such as mounting a wheel) and indirect costs (such as lighting or heating the factory).

This also opens the opportunity to move away from budget driven IT management. For digital business a budget driven approach is as inefficient as the budget-driven factories of the former Soviet Union. Where often already in August production had to be shut down for the rest of the year because the budget for saddles, tires or even bicycle bells was exhausted.

The scheduling of all those containers is by the way a challenge that is quit comparable to the challenges of planning production in a modern bicycle factory: pretty complex. Especially if we want to do a certain amount of long-term planning and set ambitious but achievable cost targets. Calculating how much it cost to produce an individual product after the fact is relatively simple, namely simply summing the individual cost of all the resources. But to set an upfront target cost (what should this product or service cost), we get stuck without a model that can be used to describe the service. In production we have known such models for years under the name of bill of material or formulation. In the cloud we often hear the term “services blueprint”, but in terms of maturity and acceptance of this, we are still some time away from beauty parades and model of the year elections.

For a sensible move to using direct costs, it is also necessary that we can pay our cloud providers based on the individual containers services used. With function platforms (fPaaS) such as Amazon’s Lambda we have seen this indeed become possible. Here we on pay per function called (in millionths of cents) and for the actual memory used (in tenths of seconds). But for many of the more generic container services payment is still a kind of flat fee calculated based on the cost of the underlying VMs, regardless of how many or what type of containers are actually running. That’s a bit like a bicycle factory which pays its supplier by the cost of the machine that produces wheels, instead of by the actual number of wheels consumed,.

The song “Das Model” from 1978 of the German band Kraftwerk is about a catwalk beauty parade. In the UK it originally came out as secondary B-side of as song called ‘Computer Love’, but the market was quick in deeming it the primary A-side, elevating it to the number 1 position in the UK top 75 singles.